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Three amidine-based ligands were used in the crystal design of a series of mononuclear Zn(II) complexes. Interaction of zinc chloride, ZnCl2, with N-2-pyridylimidoyl-2-pyridylamidine (Py2ImAm) resulted in complexes [Zn(Py2ImAm)2] (1) and [ZnCl2(Py2ImAm)] (2). In [Zn(Py2ImAm)2] (1, monoclinic, P21/c), the metal ion was coordinated with the bidentate pocket of the anionic form of Py2ImAm, while in [ZnCl2(Py2ImAm)] (2, monoclinic, P21/n), the tridentate coordination to a neutral Py2ImAm was completed by two chloride anions. This structural variation was achieved by a pH-controlling strategy using the weak base triethylamine (TEA). Otherwise, three ionic complexes were obtained with 2-amidinopyridine (PyAm) and Zinc(II), [ZnCl(PyAm)2]Cl (3, triclinic, P-1), [ZnCl(PyAm)2]2[ZnCl4]·C2H5OH (4, monoclinic, P21/n), and [ZnCl(PyAm)2]2Cl·CH3OH (5, triclinic, P-1). They comprised the same [ZnCl(PyAm)2]+ monocation with a butterfly-like shape provided by the bidentate chelate coordination of two PyAm neutral entities and a chloride ligand. In a similar butterfly shape, ionic complex [ZnCl(PmAm)2]2[ZnCl4] (6, monoclinic, C2/c) comprised the mononuclear [ZnCl(PmAm)2]+ cations with two bidentate chelate-coordinated 2-amidinopyrimidine (PmAm) as neutral ligands. The Zn(II) pentacoordinated arrangement in 3–6 was variable, from square pyramidal to trigonal bipyramidal. The reported compounds’ synthetic protocols, crystal structures and photoluminescence properties are discussed. 

Abstract Our knowledge of viral sequence space has exploded with advancing sequencing technologies and large-scale sampling and analytical efforts. Though archaea are important and abundant prokaryotes in many systems, our knowledge of archaeal viruses outside of extreme environments is limited. This largely stems from the lack of a robust, high-throughput, and systematic way to distinguish between bacterial and archaeal viruses in datasets of curated viruses. Here we upgrade our prior text-based tool (MArVD) via training and testing a random forest machine learning algorithm against a newly curated dataset of archaeal viruses. After optimization, MArVD2 presented a significant improvement over its predecessor in terms of scalability, usability, and flexibility, and will allow user-defined custom training datasets as archaeal virus discovery progresses. Benchmarking showed that a model trained with viral sequences from the hypersaline, marine, and hot spring environments correctly classified 85% of the archaeal viruses with a false detection rate below 2% using a random forest prediction threshold of 80% in a separate benchmarking dataset from the same habitats. 

Understanding teachers’ conceptions surrounding integrated STEM education is vital to the successful implementation of integrated STEM curricula in K-12 classrooms. Of particular interest is understanding how teachers conceptualize the role of the STEM disciplines within their integrated STEM teaching. Further, despite knowing that content-agnostic characteristics of integrated STEM education are important, little is known about how teachers conceptualize the real-world problems, 21st century skills, and the promotion of STEM careers in their integrated STEM instruction. This study used an exploratory case study design to investigate conceptions of 19 K-12 science teachers after participating in an integrated STEM-focused professional development and implementing integrated STEM lessons into their classrooms. Our findings show that all teacher participants viewed STEM education from an integrative perspective that fosters the development of 21st century skills, using real-world problems to motivate students. Our findings also reveal that teachers have varying ideas related to the STEM disciplines within integrated STEM instruction, which could assist teacher educators in preparing high-quality professional development experiences. Findings related to real-world problems, 21st century skills, and STEM careers provide a window into how to best support teachers to include these characteristics into their teaching more explicitly. 

Purpose of Review Outbreaks of tree-killing bark beetles have reached unprecedented levels in conifer forests in the northern hemisphere and are expected to further intensify due to climate change. In parts of Europe, bark beetle outbreaks and efforts to manage them have even triggered social unrests and political instability. These events have increasingly challenged traditional responses to outbreaks, and highlight the need for a more comprehensive management framework. Recent Findings Several synthesis papers on different aspects of bark beetle ecology and management exist. However, our understanding of outbreak drivers and impacts, principles of ecosystem management, governance, and the role of climate change in the dynamics of ecological and social systems has rapidly advanced in recent years. These advances are suggesting a reconsideration of previous management strategies. Summary We synthesize the state of knowledge on drivers and impacts of bark beetle outbreaks in Europe and propose a comprehensive context-dependent framework for their management. We illustrate our ideas for two contrasting societal objectives that represent the end-members of a continuum of forest management goals: wood and biomass production and the conservation of biodiversity and natural processes. For production forests, we propose a management approach addressing economic, social, ecological, infrastructural, and legislative aspects of bark beetle disturbances. In conservation forests, where non-intervention is the default option, we elaborate under which circumstances an active intervention is necessary, and whether such an intervention is in conflict with the objective to conserve biodiversity. Our approach revises the current management response to bark beetles in Europe and promotes an interdisciplinary social-ecological approach to dealing with disturbances. 

Abstract The strength and persistence of the tropical carbon sink hinges on the long‐term responses of woody growth to climatic variations and increasing CO₂. However, the sensitivity of tropical woody growth to these environmental changes is poorly understood, leading to large uncertainties in growth predictions. Here, we used tree ring records from a Southeast Asian tropical forest to constrain ED2.2‐hydro, a terrestrial biosphere model with explicit vegetation demography. Specifically, we assessed individual‐level woody growth responses to historical climate variability and increases in atmospheric CO₂(C_a). When forced with historical C_a, ED2.2‐hydro reproduced the magnitude of increases in intercellular CO₂concentration (a major determinant of photosynthesis) estimated from tree ring carbon isotope records. In contrast, simulated growth trends were considerably larger than those obtained from tree rings, suggesting that woody biomass production efficiency (WBPE = woody biomass production:gross primary productivity) was overestimated by the model. The estimated WBPE decline under increasing C_abased on model‐data discrepancy was comparable to or stronger than (depending on tree species and size) the observed WBPE changes from a multi‐year mature‐forest CO₂fertilization experiment. In addition, we found that ED2.2‐hydro generally overestimated climatic sensitivity of woody growth, especially for late‐successional plant functional types. The model‐data discrepancy in growth sensitivity to climate was likely caused by underestimating WBPE in hot and dry years due to commonly used model assumptions on carbon use efficiency and allocation. To our knowledge, this is the first study to constrain model predictions of individual tree‐level growth sensitivity to C_aand climate against tropical tree‐ring data. Our results suggest that improving model processes related to WBPE is crucial to obtain better predictions of tropical forest responses to droughts and increasing C_a. More accurate parameterization of WBPE will likely reduce the stimulation of woody growth by C_arise predicted by biosphere models.